Ethernet Tutorial - Part I: Networking Basics. Computer networking has become an integral part of business today. Individuals, professionals and academics have also learned to rely on computer networks for capabilities such as electronic mail and access to remote databases for research and communication purposes. Networking has thus become an increasingly pervasive, worldwide reality because it is fast, efficient, reliable and effective. Just how all this information is transmitted, stored, categorized and accessed remains a mystery to the average computer user. This tutorial will explain the basics of some of the most popular technologies used in networking, and will include the following: Types of Networks – including LANs, WANs and WLANs. The Internet and Beyond – The Internet and its contributions to intranets and extranets. Types of LAN Technology – including Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 1. Introduction to Computer Networking. While the initial investment required for wireless LAN hardware can. Gigabit Ethernet,ATM, Po. E and Token Ring. Networking and Ethernet Basics – including standard code, media, topographies, collisions and CSMA/CDEthernet Products – including transceivers, network interface cards, hubs and repeaters. Types of Networks. In describing the basics of networking technology, it will be helpful to explain the different types of networks in use. Local Area Networks (LANs)A network is any collection of independent computers that exchange information with each other over a shared communication medium. Local Area Networks or LANs are usually confined to a limited geographic area, such as a single building or a college campus. LANs can be small, linking as few as three computers, but can often link hundreds of computers used by thousands of people. The development of standard networking protocols and media has resulted in worldwide proliferation of LANs throughout business and educational organizations. Wide Area Networks (WANs)Often elements of a network are widely separated physically. Wide area networking combines multiple LANs that are geographically separate. This is accomplished by connecting the several LANs with dedicated leased lines such as a T1 or a T3, by dial- up phone lines (both synchronous and asynchronous), by satellite links and by data packet carrier services. WANs can be as simple as a modem and a remote access server for employees to dial into, or it can be as complex as hundreds of branch offices globally linked. Special routing protocols and filters minimize the expense of sending data over vast distances. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)Wireless LANs, or WLANs, use radio frequency (RF) technology to transmit and receive data over the air.
Computer Hardware Tutorials introduction. Introduction to PC Components. Here you will learn computer hardware tutorials introduction, basic pc components. Computer Basic Skills Microsoft Windows PCs We use a conversational and. Hardware includes the parts of the computer system that you actually can touch. Computer screen to a larger classroom/ conference room screen. CPU: This is an acronym for the Central Processing Unit. Download free Computer Hardware Tutorial Pdf In Malayalam. Computer and technology support forum and chat. Extract Hidden Data From Pdf. This minimizes the need for wired connections. WLANs give users mobility as they allow connection to a local area network without having to be physically connected by a cable. This freedom means users can access shared resources without looking for a place to plug in cables, provided that their terminals are mobile and within the designated network coverage area. With mobility, WLANs give flexibility and increased productivity, appealing to both entrepreneurs and to home users. WLANs may also enable network administrators to connect devices that may be physically difficult to reach with a cable. The Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) developed the 8. LAN technology. 8. WLAN 8. 02. 1. 1 standards also have security protocols that were developed to provide the same level of security as that of a wired LAN. The first of these protocols is Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP). WEP provides security by encrypting data sent over radio waves from end point to end point. The second WLAN security protocol is Wi- Fi Protected Access (WPA). WPA was developed as an upgrade to the security features of WEP. It works with existing products that are WEP- enabled but provides two key improvements: improved data encryption through the temporal key integrity protocol (TKIP) which scrambles the keys using a hashing algorithm. Computer Hardware Tutorial Pdf Malayalam QuranIt has means for integrity- checking to ensure that keys have not been tampered with. WPA also provides user authentication with the extensible authentication protocol (EAP). Wireless Protocols. Specification. Data Rate. Modulation Scheme. Security. 80. 2. 1. Mbps in the 2. 4 GHz band. FHSS, DSSSWEP and WPA8. Mbps in the 5 GHz band. OFDMWEP and WPA8. High Rate/Wi- Fi. Mbps (with a fallback to 5. Mbps) in the 2. 4 GHz band. DSSS with CCKWEP and WPA8. Wi- Fi. 54 Mbps in the 2. GHz band. OFDM when above 2. Computer Hardware Tutorial Pdf Malayalam KambiMbps, DSSS with CCK when below 2. Mbps. WEP and WPAThe Internet and Beyond. More than just a technology, the Internet has become a way of life for many people, and it has spurred a revolution of sorts for both public and private sharing of information. The most popular source of information about almost anything, the Internet is used daily by technical and non- technical users alike. The Internet. It is a decentralized system of linked networks that are worldwide in scope. It facilitates data communication services such as remote log- in, file transfer, electronic mail, the World Wide Web and newsgroups. It consists of independent hosts of computers that can designate which Internet services to use and which of their local services to make available to the global community. Initially restricted to military and academic institutions, the Internet now operates on a three- level hierarchy composed of backbone networks, mid- level networks and stub networks. It is a full- fledged conduit for any and all forms of information and commerce. Internet websites now provide personal, educational, political and economic resources to virtually any point on the planet. Intranet. An intranet is a private network utilizing Internet- type tools, but available only within that organization. For large organizations, an intranet provides easy access to corporate information for designated employees. Extranet. Internet- type tools are used by content providers to update the extranet. Encryption and user authentication means are provided to protect the information, and to ensure that designated people with the proper access privileges are allowed to view it. Types of LAN Technology. Ethernet. Ethernet is the most popular physical layer LAN technology in use today. It defines the number of conductors that are required for a connection, the performance thresholds that can be expected, and provides the framework for data transmission. A standard Ethernet network can transmit data at a rate up to 1. Megabits per second (1. Mbps). Other LAN types include Token Ring, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 1. Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Local. Talk. Ethernet is popular because it strikes a good balance between speed, cost and ease of installation. These benefits, combined with wide acceptance in the computer marketplace and the ability to support virtually all popular network protocols, make Ethernet an ideal networking technology for most computer users today. The Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers developed an Ethernet standard known as IEEE Standard 8. This standard defines rules for configuring an Ethernet network and also specifies how the elements in an Ethernet network interact with one another. By adhering to the IEEE standard, network equipment and network protocols can communicate efficiently. Fast Ethernet. The Fast Ethernet standard (IEEE 8. Ethernet networks that need higher transmission speeds. This standard raises the Ethernet speed limit from 1. Mbps to 1. 00 Mbps with only minimal changes to the existing cable structure. Fast Ethernet provides faster throughput for video, multimedia, graphics, Internet surfing and stronger error detection and correction. There are three types of Fast Ethernet: 1. BASE- TX for use with level 5 UTP cable; 1. BASE- FX for use with fiber- optic cable; and 1. BASE- T4 which utilizes an extra two wires for use with level 3 UTP cable. The 1. 00. BASE- TX standard has become the most popular due to its close compatibility with the 1. BASE- T Ethernet standard. Network managers who want to incorporate Fast Ethernet into an existing configuration are required to make many decisions. The number of users in each site on the network that need the higher throughput must be determined; which segments of the backbone need to be reconfigured specifically for 1. BASE- T; plus what hardware is necessary in order to connect the 1. BASE- T segments with existing 1. BASE- T segments. Gigabit Ethernet is a future technology that promises a migration path beyond Fast Ethernet so the next generation of networks will support even higher data transfer speeds. Gigabit Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet was developed to meet the need for faster communication networks with applications such as multimedia and Voice over IP (Vo. IP). Also known as “gigabit- Ethernet- over- copper” or 1. Base- T, Gig. E is a version of Ethernet that runs at speeds 1. Base- T. It is defined in the IEEE 8. Existing Ethernet LANs with 1. Mbps cards can feed into a Gigabit Ethernet backbone to interconnect high performance switches, routers and servers. From the data link layer of the OSI model upward, the look and implementation of Gigabit Ethernet is identical to that of Ethernet. The most important differences between Gigabit Ethernet and Fast Ethernet include the additional support of full duplex operation in the MAC layer and the data rates. Gigabit Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet is the fastest and most recent of the Ethernet standards. IEEE 8. 02. 3ae defines a version of Ethernet with a nominal rate of 1. Gbits/s that makes it 1. Gigabit Ethernet. Unlike other Ethernet systems, 1. Gigabit Ethernet is based entirely on the use of optical fiber connections. This developing standard is moving away from a LAN design that broadcasts to all nodes, toward a system which includes some elements of wide area routing. As it is still very new, which of the standards will gain commercial acceptance has yet to be determined.
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